AP News highlights a recent study co-authored by Olivia S. Mitchell on the first state-based plan of its kind, OregonSaves, which auto-enrolled workers whose firms did not have retirement savings plans.
Citations:
"Spending bill aids retirees, and boosts financial industry," AP News, Fatima Hussein, December 25, 2022.
Mitchell OS, Chalmers J, Reuter J, Zhong M. "Auto-Enrollment Retirement Plans for the People: Choices and Outcomes in OregonSaves"
Wharton's Pension Research Council hosted their annul symposium in April 2022, this year entitled “Real-World Shocks and Retirement System Resiliency." Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate and the Council's Executive Director) was featured in a Knowledge at Wharton article about the symposium titled "How Prepared Are Americans for Retirement?" where she discusses how recent world events may impact retirement preparedness and global retirement systems.
Citations:
New research by Olivia S.Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was cited in a new article on PlanSponsor and ASPPA. Read more in the announcement on the Pension Research Council website here.
US Senate’s new bipartisan report on financial literacy, urging seniors and people with disabilities to plan for retirement, cites research by PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell. Read the full report here and the announcement here.
A recent article in FUNDFire on US Public Pension Funds and their substantial holdings in Fossil Fuel companies quotes PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was quoted in a recent article in MarketWatch on whether RMD's matter. Read the full article and announcement.
New research co-authored by PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell on the emerging Micro-pensions market and its benefits in India was published by the Innovations for Poverty Action.
New research by Olivia S. Mitchell ( PSC/PARC Research Associate) discusses the myths and realities of working women in the US in a blog published on Population Research Bureau.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was featured in the Wall Street Journal about the future of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing and socially responsible investing trends in the next 10 years.
Research by Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was cited in Morning Consult where she discusses how Social Security needs reforms to strengthen it. One that would incentivize workers to delay retirement is to pay the delayed-retirement credit as a lump sum.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) discusses the role of poor financial literary in investing behaviors of the Chilean people and how that contributes to the struggles in Chilean retirement. Read the announcement on the Pension Research Council website and full article here.
Olivia Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was featured in a MarketWatch article about the ticking clock of solvency for Social Security.
Congratulations to PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell on being named as 1 of 11 women who are "leaving a mark" on the global economy by the IMF. Via Chile's Diario Financiero
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was interviewed for the Knowledge@Wharton podcast about the potential for the federal government to "green" its pension plan.
In a recent interview in Wharton Business Daily, PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell talks about the effect of Climate Change on retirement plans - whether its investing in green companies or thinking about potential natural disasters while choosing a retirement location. Listen to the full interview here and read the announcement in the Pension Research Council's website here.
PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell is quoted in a recent interview in CBS MoneyWatch on how Climate Change is threatening retirement savings.
New research by PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell featured in an article on Pension and Investments suggests that Black and hispanic women face greater economic challenges as compared to White women during times of crisis.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was quoted in The Christian Science Monitor about how the pandemic has forced boomers to rethink retirement plans.
New working paper co-authored by PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell titled "Debt and Financial Vulnerability on the Verge of Retirement" published in National Bureau of Economic Research was cited in an article in Population Research Bureau. Read the full article and working paper.
New study on the gap in financial literacy in men and women by PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell was cited in an article on Marketplace titled "What’s behind the male-female financial-literacy gap? These academics say they’ve found an answer".
PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell talks about potential economic consequences of slow population growth in the US in a recent interview on Marketplace.
Olivia Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was quoted in Penn Today and Knowledge@Wharton about the growing number of older Americans in debt. “This is a very different world in terms of debt than our parents and grandparents lived in,” says Olivia S. Mitchell, a Wharton professor of business economics and public policy who co-authored the working paper, “Understanding Debt in the Older Population,” published by the National Bureau of Economic Research.
New research by Olivia Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate), in Penn Today, examines the financial well-being among Black and Hispanic women.
New working paper published by PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell titled "Do Required Minimum Distribution 401(k) Rules Matter, and For Whom? Insights from a Lifecycle Model" was cited in an article on PlanSponsor as to whether DC Plan Participants benefit from the increasing RMD age. Read the full article here.
PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell was quoted in an article in The Philadelphia Inquirer on the potential side effects of COVID 19 on Social Security and Medicare. This article was titled "Social Security and Medicare may experience their own COVID-19 side effects, experts say"
Olivia Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was interviewed in a recent episode of the Knowledge@Wharton podcast about why early 401k withdrawals are a bad idea. The 2020 CARES Act allowed people under a certain age to access up to $100,000 from their 401k's without penalty, but Mitchell warns against this considering the potential loss of returns on investments and other downsides.
PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell is quoted in Pensions and Investments on how individuals should not hold stock in employers company which can be detrimental as compared to a well-diversified retirement account.
PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell was recently quoted in an article titled "Here Are Three Strategies for Buying Annuities for Retirement Income When Rates Are Low" published in Barron's
New research by PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell was cited in a recent article on NPR where she notes that even pre-pandemic, many older Americans carried substantial debt in student loans, mortgages, and medical bills. Now many are tapping into retirement savings to support loved ones. Read the full article here.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was featured in Penn Today about getting financially fit in 2021. Mitchell gives five financial resolutions for people who aim to save and eliminate debt in 2021.
PSC/PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell authors an introduction to the special virtual issue of the Journal of Pension Economics and Research on 'Developments in Financial Literacy'. Read the full introduction here.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was cited in a Report Door article about the connection between financial literacy and financial resilience.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was featured in a Penn Today article about why lower interest rates hurt retirees.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was recently quoted in a Knowledge@Wharton article about post-pandemic retirement. The article was also covered in Penn Today.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was featured in a Wall Street Journal article about whether people should dip into their retirement savings during a crisis.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was quoted in a Washington Post article about how the coronavirus has affected where people are retiring.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) talks with Wharton Business Daily on Sirius XM about the downsides of 401(k) loans.
The work and insight of PSC & PARC Research Associate Olivia S. Mitchell, profiled in the IMF Finance & Development magazine.
Olivia Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) and Nick Roussanov will teach a new Wharton course on financial literacy in the Fall 2020.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) talks to Megan Leonhardt about how much millennials should save right now to retire at 67. Read more here
A recent NBER working paper by Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) was recently featured in Marketwatch. The study shows that using target-date funds as 401(k) plan defaults makes participants far more likely to invest in them.
A recent study by Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) and collaborators about the role of financial literacy in retirement planning was featured in Business Times.
A study by Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Associate) and co-author about the effects of "Rothification" for employees and tax revenue was mentioned in the Wall Street Journal and Wharton Business Daily.
In a recent article by The Economic Times, Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) recommends changes to how people save and invest.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) explains how the administration’s proposed 2021 budget affects retirement benefits for employees. Read more at InvestmentNews.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) explains that 40% of older Americans dealing with debt, rising housing costs, student loans, and medical expenses to Chris Taylor of Reuters.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) and Stephen P. Utkus of Vanguard find that target date funds can pay retirement savers higher returns with lower risk in their new study. See also Plansponsor and Canadian Investment Review
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) who served on the 2014-5 Chilean Pension Reform Commission, explains that proposed pension reforms thus far will help but not solve Chile’s old-age system problems. Read more here
Another recession by end-2021 predicted by 7 of 10 economists, Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC & PARC Associate) outlines steps you can take now to shore up your retirement savings and overall finances with Dan Loney on the Wharton Business Daily podcast.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC & PARC Associate) is mentioned in Business Insider article, the article explores the effect of increased longevity and low investment returns on retirement.
Olivia S. Mitchell (PSC/PARC Research Associate) and John D. Stoll at the Wall Street Journal discuss the changing definition of retirement, and how this will impact work options.
New educational apps and games can also boost financial literacy & understanding, says Glenn Gillis at Independent Online. The study cited findings from research done by Profs. Annamaria Lusardi of GWSB and Olivia S. Mitchell of Wharton.
A paper co-authored by Olivia S. Mitchell on how the SECURE Act will affect how retirees will save their money has been quoted in an article for The Philadelphia Inquirer.
Olivia S. Mitchell spoke with David Brancaccio of the Marketplace Morning Report about how the effects of the new SECURE bill on retirement planning.
Borrowing against your retirement savings can be tempting but counterproductive in a recession, says Nick Strain at MarketWatch, citing “Borrowing from the Future: 401(k) Plan Loans and Loan Defaults,” the Pension Research Council study by Timothy Jun Lu, Olivia S. Mitchell, Stephen P. Utkus and Jean A. Young.
Congress finally passed the long-awaited SECURE Act: deferred lifetime income annuities can now be included in 401(k) plans to enhance improve retirement security, explains Prof.Olivia S. Mitchell of Wharton in a recent article by Elizabeth O’Brien at Money.
Olivia S. Mitchell was quoted in an article entitled, "The Annuity Puzzle: What It Is & Why Should You Care?"
Olivia S. Mitchell gave the keynote speech at the 2nd CEAR-RSI Household Finance Workshop in Montreal, on ‘Making Your Money Last a Lifetime’ (read more about the workshop here).
2019 Ketchum Prize recipient Olivia S. Mitchell of Wharton discusses challenges for retirement planning including longevity risk, financial literacy, and social security on a new FINRA podcast. Listen to “The Evolving World of Retirement Security” here.
Millennials should save 40% of paychecks to retire at 65, says Olivia S. Mitchell of Wharton, but only 1 in 5 save more than 15%. Read more here.
“Work longer, save more, and expect less!” Facing lower expected returns, Millennials must save more of their paychecks for retirement than did their parents and grandparents, states Wharton’s Olivia S. Mitchell to ConsumerAffairs. Read here.
To retire at age 65, Millennials must save nearly half their paychecks. Even if that’s impossible, there are still steps you can take to improve your retirement security, Wharton’s Olivia S. Mitchell explains to Megan Leonhardt of CNBC Make It. Read it here.
Wharton's Olivia S. Mitchell and Marshall Meyer discuss GE's move to freeze pensions. Listen here
Fewer companies offer defined benefit pension plans today than in the early 1980s, so GE’s announced pension buyout is part of a larger trend, says Wharton Prof. Olivia S. Mitchell. For more information, visit here
Olivia S. Mitchell is the 2019 recipient of The Ketchum Prize. The Ketchum Prize—honoring Richard G. Ketchum, the former chairman and CEO of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority and a distinguished leader in the field of securities regulation—recognizes outstanding service and research to advance investor protection and financial capability in the U.S. The prize is awarded annually by the FINRA Investor Education Foundation. The prize includes a $10,000 honorarium and national recognition.
Olivia S. Mitchell is a founding member and an executive board member of the newly created International Pension Research Association. Read more here.
PSC Associate Olivia S. Mitchell discusses what longer lifespans may mean for aging workers. Between ageism in hiring, a shaky Social Security system, and changes to rules regarding annuities, the future of retirement looks uncertain on Knowledge@Wharton podcast. “Since retirement planning is so nuanced and complicated, it would behoove many to work longer, save more, and expect less,” she says.
PSC and PARC Associate Olivia S. Mitchell authored an article in The Hill about the Butch Lewis Act currently before congress.
Olivia S. Mitchell was quoted in a SavvyMoney article about social security. She says, "the Social Security "Breakeven" age 'induces people to think about the chance of dying too soon, rather than focusing them on what Social Security is best at – namely, protecting us against".
Olivia S. Mitchell has been listed as one of Worth Magazine's 16 Powerhouse Female Economists.
PSC & PARC associate Olivia S. Mitchell discusses her research on the role of annuities in retirement planning on an episode of the Knowledge@Wharton podcast.
In a Penn Today article and on Knowledge@Wharton, Olivia S. Mitchell discusses the Treasury Department’s decision to allow private companies to pay retirees lump-sum pension payments. The move may benefit companies, but Mitchell believes the federal government should assess the long-term implications. “If we look at the retirement picture, we have to understand the incentives we are putting in people’s way—or the disincentives to save,” she explains.
On Knowledge@Wharton, Olivia S. Mitchell discusses an American Economic Association survey that reveals high levels of gender and racial bias in the field of economics. “It’s very depressing, actually,” says Mitchell. “I’ve been teaching for 40 years now, and, sure, 40 years ago there were very few women in the profession. You stood out. You were sometimes made to feel uncomfortable or awkward. But I had hoped that today things would be much better.” Penn Today.
Olivia S. Mitchell was interviewed by CNBC about the susceptibility of older Americans to fraud and scammers
PSC researcher, Olivia S. Mitchell, authored an article in The Hill about retirement security and pensions.
Research by Olivia S. Mitchell and co-authors was quoted in a PBS Newshour article about investing one's winnings from the lottery
Olivia S. Mitchell, PSC researcher and Wharton professor, was cited in this Wall Street Journal on the problem of tapping into one's 401(k) savings before retirement.
New research from PSC ressearcher, Olivia S. Mitchell, a Wharton professor of business economics and public policy, attempts to answer these questions. The paper, “Evaluating Lump Sum Incentives for Delayed Social Security Claiming,” was co-authored with Raimond Maurer, a finance professor at Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany. Mitchell, who also serves as director of Wharton’s Pension Research Council, recently appeared on the Knowledge@Wharton radio show on SiriusXM to discuss their findings.
Olivia S. Mitchell and co-authors have published a new book titled How Persistent Low Returns Will Shape Saving and Retirement. Financial market developments over the past decade have undermined what was once thought to be conventional wisdom about saving, investment, and retirement spending. Read more here.
Olivia S. Mitchell was interviewed in a Wall Street Journal about global pension funds that are being invested less in equities and bonds and more in private equity, infrastructure, and emerging markets.
PSC researcher, Olivia S. Mitchell, spoke about $4.4 trillion public sector pension shortfall on Knowledge@Wharton's podcast.
Olivia S. Mitchell was quoted in a Wall Street Journal article about the increase in bankrupcy filings among older Americans.
New The Conversion article, Quartz article, and Bloomberg Businessweek report reinforces Olivia Mitchell and co-author’s findings, that Global Financial Literacy are low, with implications for retirement security.
Olivia S. Mitchell was interviewed by the Journal of the Eonomics of Aging on "Financing Longevity".
Olivia S. Mitchell is quoted in The Inquirer about Congress' bill on retirement plans.
Olivia S. Mitchell spoke at Centre for Research on the Economics of Ageing (CREA) at Singapore Management University (SMU)'s Lee Kong Chian School of Business' roundtable on ageing and financial preparedness in Singapore.
PSC researcher Olivia Mitchell and co-authors have published their research in the America Economic Association on the issue of debt in older Americans. This article is quoted in a Wall Street Journal and InvestmentGuru.
Olivia S. Mitchell was mentioned in The Washington Times article about the U.S. Supreme Court decision on the unionization of government workers.
PSC research associate, Olivia Mitchell, wrote an article for the Wall Street Journal about financial fraud on older people.
Olivia Mitchell and co-authors' research, "Borrowing from the Future: 401(k) Plan Loans and Loan Defaults," was quoted in a Nasdaq article on 401(k) loans
Olivia Mitchell was interviewed by Marketplace about tech companies may encourage people to invest in retirement accounts.
Olivia Mitchell was interviewed on The Street podcast about retirement systems
Olivia Mitchell's article, "Simplifying Choices in Defined Contribution Retirement Plan Design," was quoted in a Forbes article about investments and saving for the future.
PSC research associate Olivia Mitchell was mentioned in an Associated Press (AP) about pension benefit plans.
Olivia S. Mitchell was interviewed by The Street about the disruption caused by technology when it comes to retirement investing.
PSC Associate Olivia S. Mitchell was quoted in a Knowledge@Wharton article about paid familyleave.
Olivia Mitchell wrote an article for the Wall Street Journal about making financial decisions and planning for the future. Her article was also cited in a Wealth Professionals article.
Americans are more likely than ever before to enter retirement carrying debt, which leaves them vulnerable to rising interest rates. Olivia Mitchell emphasizes the importance of the housing market and easier mortgage products as factors in driving this debt increase in older households. Read the column and her study here.
Olivia Mitchell of the Wharton School comments in an CNBC article on the need for improvement in women’s financial literacy. Read more here.
Olivia Mitchell of the Wharton School is cited in a Forbes article for co-authoring a study, “Putting the Pension Back in 401(k) Plans.” Read her study and article for more information.
Olivia Mitchell of the Wharton School comments in an Associated Press article on the future of Pennsylvania’s public pension plans following Gov. Tom Wolf signing a bill that will cut costs. Read more here.
Olivia Mitchell of the Wharton School is quoted in Bloomberg Business Week on why the affluent need tax breaks. Read more here.
Olivia Mitchell of the Wharton School is featured in the Philadelphia Inquirer for hosting a conference about retirement and shares her insight on the presented research. Read more here.
Olivia Mitchell of the Wharton School pens an article in The Wall Street Journal about the role of financial knowledge in molding wealth inequality. Read article here.
Olivia Mitchell of the Wharton School provides three reasons that contribute to the difficulty closing the gender pay gap in a Fortune article. Read more here.
Olivia Mitchell of the Wharton School shares her thoughts in Fox Business on retirement options. Read more here.
Olivia Mitchell is quoted in a Bloomberg article about social security, cash, and retirement.
Olivia Mitchell is cited in a MarketWatch.com article about changing the retirement age.
Olivia Mitchell is quoted in Bloomberg article about women putting off retirement.
Olivia Mitchell is cited in MarketWatch.com article about the importance of financial literacy.
Olivia Mitchell is quoted in Wall Street Journal article about delaying retirement.
Olivia Mitchell is quoted in Money.com article about saving for retirement.
Olivia Mitchell is quoted in MarketWatch.com article "Are too many choices costing 401(k) holders?"
Olivia Mitchell is quoted in Money.com article abouta simpler way to save for retirement.
In a Forbes article, Olivia Mitchell talks about deciding on a place to retire.
Olivia Mitchell talks about Chile's retirement system, and if it should be overhauled.
In the Wall Street Journal, Olivia Mitchell discusses how female baby boomers are dealing with debt.
Olivia Mitchell discusses choosing the right retirement plan on CNBC.
The World Economic Forum includes Olivia S. Mitchell on its list of the 10 top women in economics.
In the Wall Street Journal article, "Women, Especially, Are Failing Financial Literacy," Olivia Mitchell's report on the topic is cited.
Olivia S. Mitchell writes in the Wall Street Journal about why people don't purchase long-term-care insurance policies.
Olivia Mitchell discusses potential reforms to Social Security in USA Today.
In CNN Money, Olivia Mitchell reviews the two different effects on a relationship when women make more than their partners.
For a better insight into today's economy, Olivia Mitchell recommends a book in the Wall Street Journal.
In Bloomberg Business, Olivia Mitchell talks about longevity annuities.
The Wall Street Journal cited a three-question test on financial literacy collaboratively developed by Olivia Mitchell.
Olivia Mitchell and Annamaria Lusardi have developed a three-question quiz to determine your financial savvy.
Olivia S. Mitchell is quoted in a New York Times article entitled: "The Payoff in Waiting to Collect Social Security."
Olivia S. Mitchell is discusses debt in relation to retirement savings in a recent Washington Post article.
Olivia S. Mitchell appeared on the RadioTimes with Marty Moss-Coane program on WHYY discussing Financial Literacy.
Olivia S. Mitchell comments on baby boomers debt and delayed retirement in USA Today.
Olivia S. Mitchell discusses her survey reserach on the financial literacy of Americans in a New York Times article.
Olivia S. Mitchell is interviewed about her research on financial literacy in a Wall Street Journal article about paying off mortgages before retirement.
Olivia S. Mitchell makes some financial suggestions for newlyweds in the Wall Street Journal.
Olivia Mitchell comments on the practice of living abroad after retirement to make the most of your savings.
Olivia Mitchell comments in the New York Times on working abroad after retirement.
Olivia S. Mitchell's recent research on financial literacy is cited in an article in the Chicago Tribune.
Olivia S. Mitchell comments on the article "How to retire on just $25,000 in the bank" on Marketplace.
Olivia S. Mitchell talks about how the middle class can manage risk better in Business Week.
Olivia S. Mitchell discusses corporate spending on pensions on NPR.
Olivia Mitchell comments on employees older than 65.
Olivia Mitchell shares her views on the opt-out version of the traditional 401(k) retirement plan in Bloomberg BusinessWeek.
Mitchell is quoted in an article on retirement entitled "What's Driving Americans to Retire Abroad? Money -- or Lack of It" in Knowledge@Wharton.
Olivia Mitchell comments on "rethinking the definition of retirement" in "When Downsizing for Retirement Makes Dollars and Sense."
Olivia Mitchell discusses retirement saving plans with the WHYY Health & Science Desk.
Olivia Mitchell is quoted about advancing financial literacy in USA Today article, "Challenge for our (ripe old) age."
Olivia Mitchell answers questions about financial literacy in this Reuters column.
Olivia Mitchell comments on more women becoming statisticians in the article, "In a calculating, chaotic world, statisticians are almost cool."
Olivia Mitchell shares her advice on saving for retirement.
An article in the US News & World Report quotes Olivia Mitchell on how coworkers influence each other's 401(k) choices.
Olivia Mitchell says co-workers may influence pension investments.
Olivia Mitchell was interviewed by Steve Forbes about Baby Boomers outliving their pensions.
Olivia Mitchell talks about retirement for Baby Boomers in Businessweek.
Olivia Mitchell explains what she calls “the money’s worth ratio” in Yahoo Finance.
Olivia Mitchell comments on her research about assets and savings amongst retirees in MarketWatch.
Olivia Mitchell says, “Many boomers have not saved enough, particularly if they intend to retire before 70,” as quoted in the AARP Bulletin.
Olivia Mitchell comments on nontraditional money rules in Smart Money.
Olivia Mitchell comments in the U.S. News & World Report on resentment of people who have reliable pension payments.
Olivia Mitchell discusses financial literacy, particularly amongst those near retirement in the U.S. News & World Report.
Olivia Mitchell explains “pension envy” in relation to union and non-union workers in The New Yorker.
Olivia Mitchell comments on baby boomers not being prepared for retirement in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Olivia S. Mitchell's research on retirement savings and the economy is discussed in a U.S. News and World Report article.
Olivia Mitchell discussed the question, "Should Social Security set a higher age qualification to receive benefits?" on Wisconsin Public Radio. Listen to the interview here.
Olivia Mitchell discusses public-sector pensions in "For CalSTRS, an Investment Bet That Failed," Los Angeles Times (3/16).
Olivia Mitchell of the Wharton School discusses state-sponsored benefits costs that States must fill: a $1 Trillion Pension Gap, in the Miami Herald. (2/18/2010).